Handwritten Notes
Semester 2
BP 201T. HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-II (Theory)
Unit I
• Nervous system
Organization of nervous system, neurons, neuroglia, classification and properties of
nerve fiber, electrophysiology, action potential, nerve impulse, receptors, synapse,
neurotransmitters.Central nervous system: Meninges, ventricles of the brain and cerebrospinal
fluid. structure and functions of the brain (cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum), spinal cord
(gross structure, functions of afferent and efferent nerve tracts, reflex activity)
Unit II
• Digestive system
Anatomy of GI Tract with special reference to anatomy and functions of the stomach, ( Acid
production in the stomach, regulation of acid production through parasympathetic
the nervous system, pepsin's role in protein digestion) small intestine and large intestine, anatomy, and functions of salivary glands, pancreas, and liver, movements of GIT, digestion, absorption of nutrients, and disorders of GIT.
• Energetics
Formation and role of ATP, Creatinine Phosphate, and BMR.
Unit III
• Respiratory system
Anatomy of the respiratory system with special reference to the anatomy of lungs, mechanism
of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport respiratory gases, artificial respiration, and
resuscitation methods.
• Urinary system
Anatomy of the urinary tract with special reference to the anatomy of kidney and nephrons, functions of kidney and urinary tract, physiology of urine formation, micturition reflex
and the role of kidneys in acid-base balance, the role of RAS in kidneys, and disorders of the kidney.
Unit IV
• Endocrine system
Classification of hormones, mechanism of hormone action, structure and functions of the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, pineal gland, thymus, and their disorders.
Unit V
• Reproductive system
Anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, Functions of male and female reproductive
the system, sex hormones, physiology of menstruation, fertilization, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, pregnancy, and parturition
• Introduction to genetics
Chromosomes, genes, and DNA, protein synthesis, the genetic pattern of inheritance
Recommended Books (Latest Editions)
1. Essentials of Medical Physiology by K. Sembulingam and P. Sembulingam. Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.
2. Anatomy and Physiology in Health and Illness by Kathleen J.W. Wilson, Churchill
Livingstone, New York
3. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co, Riverview, MI USA
4. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Arthur C, Guyton and John.E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH,
The U.S.A.
5. Principles of Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora Grabowski. Palmetto, GA, U.S.A.
6. Textbook of Human Histology by Inderbir Singh, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.
7. Textbook of Practical Physiology by C.L. Ghai, Jaypee brothers medical publishers, New Delhi.
8. Practical workbook of Human Physiology by K. Srinageswari and Rajeev Sharma,
Jaypee's brother's medical publishers, New Delhi.
Reference Books:
1. Physiological basis of Medical Practice-Best and Tailor. Williams & Wilkins Co, Riverview, MI USA
2. Textbook of Medical Physiology- Arthur C, Guyton, and John. E. Hall. Miamisburg, OH, U.S.A.
3. Human Physiology (vol 1 and 2) by Dr. C.C. Chatterrje, Academic Publishers Kolkata
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