Handwritten Notes
BP102T. PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (Theory)
UNIT-I
(a) Pharmaceutical Analysis- Definition and scope
i) Different techniques of analysis
ii) Methods of expressing concentration
iii) Primary and secondary standards.
iv) Preparation and standardization of various molar and normal solutions- Oxalic acid,
sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulphate, sulphuric acid, potassium
permanganate and ceric ammonium sulphate
(b)Errors: Sources of errors, types of errors, methods of minimizing errors, accuracy,
precision and significant figures
(c)Pharmacopoeia, Sources of impurities in medicinal agents, limit tests.
UNIT-II
and theory involved in titrations of strong, weak, and very weak acids and bases, neutralization
curves
• Non-aqueous titration: Solvents, acidimetry and alkalimetry titration and estimation of
Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
UNIT-III
• Precipitation titrations: Mohr's method, Volhard's, Modified Volhard's,
Fajans method, estimation of sodium chloride.
• Complexometric titration: Classification, metal ion indicators, masking and demasking reagents, estimation of Magnesium sulphate, and calcium gluconate.
• Gravimetry: Principle and steps involved in the gravimetric analysis. Purity of the precipitate: co-precipitation and post precipitation, Estimation of barium sulphate.
• Basic Principles, methods and application of diazotisation titration.
UNIT-IV
Redox titrations
(b) Types of redox titrations (Principles and applications)
Cerimetry, calorimetry, iodometry, Bromatometry, Dichrometry, Titration with potassium
UNIT-V
• Electrochemical methods of analysis
• Conductometry- Introduction, Conductivity cell, Conductometric titrations, applications.
potentiometric titration and applications.
• Potentiometry - Electrochemical cell, construction and working of reference
(Standard hydrogen, silver chloride electrode and calomel electrode) and indicator
electrodes (metal electrodes and glass electrodes), methods to determine the endpoint of
• Polarography - Principle, Ilkovic equation, construction and working of
dropping mercury electrode and rotating platinum electrode, applications
1. A.H. Beckett & J.B. Stenlake's, Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry Vol I & II, Stahlone Press
of the University of London
2. A.I. Vogel, Text Book of Quantitative Inorganic analysis
3. P. Gundu Rao, Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
4. Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
S. John H. Kennedy, Analytical chemistry principles
6. Indian Pharmacopoeia.
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